The direct answer
A content pillar is one of a small number of recurring topics or themes that most of what an account posts falls under. A fitness account might have pillars around workouts, nutrition, and mindset; a software company might have pillars around product tips, customer stories, and industry commentary. The pillars are the categories a regular follower could name if asked what the account is about.
Why a feed without any pillars feels random
An account posting about whatever comes to mind that day, with no consistent throughline, tends to feel unfocused even when each individual post is good. Pillars give a feed a recognizable shape. A follower knows roughly what kind of thing to expect, even if the specific post is a surprise.
How many pillars is reasonable
There is no fixed correct number, but somewhere around three to five tends to be enough variety to avoid repetition without stretching so thin that none of them feels consistent. Fewer, well-developed pillars usually work better than a long list nobody, including the person posting, can remember.